F.Y.B.COM. SEMESTER II
FOUNDATION COURSE – II
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Q.3 How does migration impact host nations and countries oforigin?
ANS:
Globalization
has definitely shown an increased trend of migration especially from the
developing to the developed countries of the world. Migration is basically a
movement of people from one place to another and to destination. It can be
local, regional; where people move within the borders of a nation or even
international which involves crossing the borders. Generally migration occurs
in order to access better opportunities in work, education, or to achieve a
better standard of living.
With
the relaxation of restrictions on trade and capital movements, movement of
labour was also liberalized and explains the increase in migration. However in
recent years due to increased FDI inflow and job creation by subsidiaries of
established MNCs, there has been a check on migration levels from developing countries.
These nations are characterized by surplus pauper labour, which if not absorbed
in the domestic job markets, are willing to migrate to the developed nations ,
having labour shortages. Such countries ready to receive immigrant labour are called
host nations or receiving nations and countries from which emigrant labour move
out are called sending nations or countries of origin. For eg. when an Indian
student goes to Australia for higher studies or to find a job, he is an
immigrant in Australia but for India he is an emigrant.
The
causative factors of migration could be economic, social, environmental, or
political. Instances of rural to urban migration or international migration are
generally out of economic motivations such as to find better job prospects,
avail of better civic amenities or raise one’s standard of living. Social
factors comprise of marriage, moving closer to one’s relative’s .etc. If a
place is prone to environmental hazards or calamities such as earthquakes or floods,
it may encourage people to migrate to safer locales.
Political
instability of any kind like rioting, acts of terrorism may create panic and
fear for one’s life forcing people to move. These days people also travel afar
to seek better or cheaper medical treatment.
In
recent times, a lot of nations like US and UK have taken a narrow stance by
introducing several measures to control inmigration. They have imposed
restrictions on holding of visas and citizenship by the immigrants.
Impact of migration on host nations:
·
Immigrants may find it difficult to adapt to the
environmental and social conditions of the host nation. Very often they
experience homesickness as the food, culture, language, mannerisms, weather
conditions may all differ. Adapting to so many differences creates stress and
other psychological problems such as loneliness and withdrawal.
·
Sometimes immigrants face discrimination especially if they
belong to a different race. They are perceived with prejudice and not treated
as equals by the natives, which makes them feel like outsider’s ad insecure.
·
It has been observed of a large proportion of emigrants from
developing countries that they end up performing menial tasks and lowly jobs,
which draws much lower income than the natives in developed countries.
·
Women participation in emigrant labour force has also
increased especially because women are willing to take up low paid jobs abroad
such as maids, domestic workers, cleaning women, nannies etc.
·
Migration leads to fusion of cultures. The natives may find
these influences threatening to their identity and resist mingling freely with
the immigrant population. The immigrants tend to stick together in an
expression of solidarity and form ghettos.
·
Immigrant labour contributes to the growth of the host nation
to which they provide their services. This is because they earn, spend, save
and invest in the host nation, which adds to the economic activities there. The
fact remains that the host nations get gains out of the immigrant labour
without having contributed towards the development of these human resources.
·
Increase in the population of host nation puts pressure on
the infrastructure and facilities available. It leads to congestion and a rise
in various social problems.
Impact of migration on countries of Origin:
·
Most of the immigrant labour are persons of specialized knowledge
like doctors, engineers, research scholars and lately from the field of IT.
These individuals are educated and well trained, in whom the sending nations
have invested but their out-migration, which is labeled ‘brain drain’ ,
benefits the host nations.
·
The countries of origin experience some gains as the remittances
of emigrant labour adds to their gross national product and adding to their
foreign exchange reserves.
·
Remittances send back to families in the sending nation
raises the standard of living and improves the lifestyle. It increases the choice
of goods that can be purchased but also leads to consumerism.
·
Continuous inflow of large amounts of remittances creates a sense
of dependency in the sending nation. It reduces reliability on domestic
resources or goods and makes the country less than self-sufficient. In the
event of severed ties between the host and sending nation, a fall in trade and
migration could affect the economy of the sending nation adversely.
·
Emigrants abroad tend to form organisations and associations which
rush aid to their native lands during calamities and disasters. They may also
fund projects and thus increase the pace of investment for growth.
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